Training Schedule

(August-December)

Pressure Vessels Design, Analysis, Fabrication and Testing

OBJECTIVE

The course explores the knowledge and skills related to design, operation, Maintenance and troubleshooting of Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchanger.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND ?

This course is intended for engineers and technical staff involved in the operation and maintenance of Pressure Vessels and Heat Exchanger.

COURSE CONTENTS?

Chapter 1: Theory and design criteria of the pressure vessels

•  Basic theory and requirement of the pressure vessels

•  Design criteria for horizontal and vertical vessels

•  Selection criteria of pressure vessels

•  Classification of pressure vessels

•  Steam drum and surge drum in design and application

•  Knock-out drum and flare drum in specification and application

•  Air receiver, settling drum and pulsation bottle in specification, installation and operation criteria

•  Design and sizing criteria for two and three-phase separators

Chapter 2: General standard of boilers and pressure vessel

•  Theory and design criteria to the ASME boilers and pressure vessel

•  Code classification of ASME boilers and pressure vessel

•  General requirements and industrial application of the ASME section VIII

•  Comparison between division one and two and their specifications

Chapter 3: General consideration in selection and requirements of the material

•  Stress classifications and stress linearization

•  General failure criteria

•  Design criteria for internal and external pressure of the pressure vessels

•  The effect of supplementary loading, wind pressure and earthquake loading on pressure vessels

•  Stress analysis and fatigue analysis for the pressure vessels

Chapter 4: Design of pressure vessels components and their accessories

•  Nozzles and openings design criteria in size and shape

•  Types of flat covers, attachments, support and lifting lugs and their industrial application

•  Valves and pressure relief components in design, specification and requirements

Chapter 5: Heat exchangers

•  Basic theory of columns and heat exchangers

•  Design and requirements for heat exchangers

•  Industrial types and application of heat exchangers

•  Troubleshooting of heat exchangers and how to avoid them

•  General maintenance of heat exchangers

Chapter 6: Fabrication and testing

•  Introduction to steps of pressure vessels fabrication

•  General aspects and requirements for fabrication including fabrication drawing

•  Basic aspects of welding

•  Inspection and testing including: (NDE; PWHT) requirements

•  ASME stamping and documentation

Chapter 7: Troubleshooting of pressure vessels and their maintenance

Chapter 8: Assessment of fitness for service as per API 510/API 579

Chapter 9: Application of pressure vessels software( COADE Engineering)

Chapter 10: Case study

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Advanced Course in Industrial Heat Exchanger

OBJECTIVE

The course commences with a study of the design, construction and operation of Heat Exchanger.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND ?

This course is intended for engineers and technical staff involved in the operation and maintenance of Heat Exchanger.

COURSE CONTENTS ?

1. Introduction to industrial heat exchanger

1.1. Classification and selection of heat exchanger

1.2. Shell and tube exchangers

1.3. Newer design of shell and tube exchangers

1.4. Compact heat exchangers

1.5. Thermal design

1.6. Mean temperature difference

2. Physical properties of working fluids and principle relations

2.1. General characteristics of working fluids

2.2. Properties of liquids

2.3. Properties of combustion product

2.4. Continuity, momentum and energy equations

2.5. Governing equations of heat transfer in a gas flow and in an incompressible flow

2.6. Boundary and entail conditions

3. Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

3.1 Principle types of shell and Tube

3.2 Types of tube, tube thickness, pitch and tube count bafflers

3.4 Tube sheet, double sheet

3.5 Seal strips, nozzles, flanges, expansion joints, and packing glands and gaskets

3.6 Pressure relief devices and supports and lifting lugs

3.7 Heat exchangers specification sheet

4. Shell and Tube heat exchangers-Process design with and without phase change.

4.1 Effects of various Geometrical and process parameters on the performance of an exchanger

4.2 Uses of liquid-Liquid, Liquid-Gas, and Gas-Gas exchangers

4.3 Coolers and cooling water

4.4 Closed feed water waiter heaters

4.5 Condensers and re-boilers

4.6 Evaporators and vaporizers

4.7 Double pipe heat exchangers

5. Augmented Surface Heat Exchangers

5.1 Extended (finned) surface heat exchangers

5.2 Turbulators and static mixers

5.3 Air-Fin coolers

5.4 Plate heat exchangers

5.5 Spiral plate heat exchangers

5.6 Heat exchangers dynamics

5.7 Heat exchangers optimization

6. Heat Exchangers for Special Services

6.1 High temperature heat exchangers

6.2 Cryogenic heat exchangers

6.3 Heat exchangers for corrosive services

6.4 Nuclear power plant heat exchangers

6.5 Liquid metals and molten salt heat exchangers

7. Corrosion, Evasion, Fouling, Water treatment and Vibration

7.1 General introduction

7.2 Corrosion and Erosion effects

7.3 Fouling and water treatment

7.4 Factors causing vibrations

7.5 Effects of shell-Side flow and Resonance

7.6 Damaging effects of vibrations

7.7 Vibration Preventation

8. Installation, Operation and Maintenance

8.1 General introduction

8.2 Installation and Operation

8.3 Maintenance and Repairs

8.4 Troubleshooting in heat exchangers

8.5 Industrial applications for heat exchangers

9. Design of high-Performance Heat Exchangers

9.1 Design aspects of heat exchangers

9.2 Compact heat exchangers

9.3 Fouling of heating surfaces

9.4 Efficiency of heat exchangers

10. Anticipation of operating problems in the design of heat transfer Equipment.

10.1 Deficiencies in heat transfer and pressure loss rating

10.2 Failure to visualize heat Vs Temperature Relations

10.3 Maldistribution of flow

10.4 Mechanical design and differential thermal expansion

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Reliability Cantered Maintenance

OBJECTIVE

Reliability-based methodologies are available to provide a structured, targeted and cost effective maintenance plan. This course provides incisive training in the planning, implementation and optimization of a cost effective Reliability Centred Maintenance process. Throughout the course, the emphasis will be placed on how to ensure that the RCM process is implemented rapidly, cost effectively and delivers real benefits.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

This course is directed at all personnel who are responsible for the management or operation of industrial plant and who are eager to achieve a break-through improvement in productivity and profitability. The course is equally applicable to companies who are seeking to implement an RCM programme or who wish to revitalise or optimise existing RCM programs.

KEY BENEFITS

This course will provide delegates with an incisive understanding of Best Practice processes for the Optimization of Maintenance Plans.. During the course delegates will gain a new vision of Asset Management and Maintenance performance and will acquire the knowledge and skills to :

• Align Asset Performance Improvement with their organization’s business challenges and aims
• Develop an optimized maintenance plan to improve industrial productivity and operational efficiency
• Implement an RCM program rapidly and effectively.

METHODOLOGY

This course has been designed using the latest educational strategies and techniques. This highly interactive, stimulating, demanding and above all enjoyable course ensures exceptional information retention rates.

SEMINAR OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION TO RCM

MAINTENANCE OBJECTIVES

• Defining Best Practice

STAGE 1

• Mapping The Business Challenges
• To Asset Management Challenges
• A Case Study: The Ford Motor Company

STAGE 2

• Creating The Vision; Identifying
• Asset Management Enablers

MAINTENANCE STRATEGIES

• Introduction
• Maintenance Strategies
• On- Failure Maintenance
• Fixed Time Maintenance
• The Need For More Strategies
• The ‘Bathtub’ & Other Curves
• Condition Based Maintenance
• Design Out Maintenance
• Selecting Maintenance Strategies

IMPLEMENTATION OF AN OPTIMISED MAINTENANCE PLAN

• Introduction
• The Need For Optimising Maintenance
• The Origins Of RCM
• Reliability Centred Maintenance
• Review Of Equipment Maintenance
• RCM Or REM?
• The Implementation OF REM At A Food Grade Chemical Plant

ASSET REGISTER CODING

• Why we need codes
• Library Codes
• Who needs what?
• Coding Pre-requisites
• Coding Exercises

• Introduction

• Assessment Of Criticality

• Which Machine Is Most Critical

• Case Study Of Equipment Criticality

• REM Criticality

ESTIMATING AVAILABILITY

• Introduction

• What Is The Cost Of Availability?

• Availability Modeling

• Reliability Block Diagrams

• Mean Time Between Failures – MTBF

• Meantime To Repair – MTTR

• Defining Availability

• Calculating Availability For Your Plant

• Limitations

• More Complex Systems

RCM FAILURE CONSEQUENCES

• Analysis of Function

• Failure Consequences

• RCM Design Tree

• Sources of Information

INTRODUCTION TO FMECA

• Failure Mode?

• Root Cause?

• The FMECA – A Cooling Water Pump

• Fault Tree Analysis

STRATEGY SELECTION

• The Process

• Failure Patterns

CONDITION BASED MAINTENANCE

• Introduction

• What is Condition Monitoring?

• Condition Monitoring Techniques

• Fault Diagnosis

• Selection of Techniques

• The Benefits of CBM

MAINTENANCE PLANNING

• The Key Steps of Maintenance Planning

• A Typical Work Planning System

• Controlling the Work Plan

• Integrating RCM Tasks into the Work Plan

• Example of a Typical Work Planning Structure

RCM IMPLEMENTATION

• Selecting a Champion  and Assessing Criticality

• Pilot Study

• Roll Out Measuring Performance

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Programmable Logic Controller System (PLC)

This hands-on, practically based course will develop your knowledge and skill necessary and essential in designing, understanding, implementing and debugging plant and process control systems where PLC systems are employed.

Peripheral units associated with PLC systems are also investigated including A/D and D/A conversion as well as a discussion on the merits/demerits of PLC/SCADA and DCS systems.

INTRODUCTION

This seminar develops within the engineer and technician an understanding of how to decide on the most suitable PLC system for a particular application by investigating PLC system considerations, such as size and type of PLC, which manufacturer, I/O requirement, etc. To complete the course an overview of SCADA functionality is presented and finally a discussion of the merits of PLC/SCADA systems and DCS systems.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND ?

The course is ideal for engineers and technicians at all levels, having either a mechanical or an electrical background who have access to and therefore need to know about the function, commissioning and programming of Programmable Logic Controllers (P.L.C.’s).

SEMINAR OBJECTIVES

• PLC system considerations
• Develop an understanding of and examine PLC architecture and operating systems
• Understand programming languages used by PLC systems
• Develop software programs to achieve specific tasks
• Analyze industrial applications and programs
• Modify and debug existing applications to meet new objectives
• Investigate Peripheral devices
•  

KEY BENEFITS

This intensive five day seminar will enable you to :-

• Make informed choices on which manufacturer, size and type of PLC, I/O count, etc. for particular applications
• Understand the programming languages used by PLC systems
• Develop your own software programs to achieve specific tasks
• Analyze industrial applications and programs
• Modify and debug existing applications to meet new objectives
• Investigate PLC peripheral modules (e.g. ADC and DAC’s)
• Understand the functionality of a SCADA package
• Compare and contrast PLC/SCADA systems with DCS systems
•  

TRAINING METHODOLOGY

The seminar is based on a balanced combination of a full lecture programme, complimented and fully supported by practical sessions in which delegates are given hands-on experience of programming industrially compliant PLC’s. Various applications, processes and tasks are analysed culminating in delegates designing and debugging their own PLC programmes to carry out specific tasks.

SEMINAR OUTLINE

DAY 1

INTRODUCTION TO THE PLC & ITS PROGRAMMING ENVIRONMENT

Day 1 focuses on analyzing and choosing the right type of control for a process. We develop an understanding and development of the Ladder Diagram programming technique, fundamental to the analysis of a PLC system. We also have our first practical session which introduces the programming software.

THEORY

• Control Strategies
• Relay Ladder Logic
• Definition of the PLC
• PLC software
• Logical Continuity
• Ladder programme examples

PRACTICAL

• Programming Software tools
• Creating a project
• Writing a program
• Software familiarization

ARCHITECTURE, MEMORY ORGANISATION & SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

An understanding of how the PLC stores, interprets and executes programs is essential in the analysis of process plant applications. In Day 2 we explore these aspects of the PLC. In addition we explore the choices to be made when choosing a PLC system, from which manufacturer to how many I/O. Also further practical sessions which concentrate on modifying, downloading, and running programs are also included.

THEORY

• PLC Specification
• PLC I/O Units
• I/O requirements (count)
• PLC architecture
• PLC memory types
• Programming Methods
• Program Scan Cycle
• Safety Legislation

PRACTICAL

• Program modification and editing
• Serial transfer of programs
• Real-time monitoring
• Further application program examples

DAY 2

ARCHITECTURE, MEMORY ORGANISATION & SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS

An understanding of how the PLC stores, interprets and executes programs is essential in the analysis of process plant applications. In Day 2 we explore these aspects of the PLC. In addition we explore the choices to be made when choosing a PLC system, from which manufacturer to how many I/O. Also further practical sessions which concentrate on modifying, downloading, and running programs are also included.

THEORY

• PLC Specification, PLC I/O Units
• I/O requirements (count)
• PLC architecture
• PLC memory types
• Programming Methods
• Program Scan Cycle
• Safety Legislation

PRACTICAL

• Program modification and editing
• Serial transfer of programs

• Real-time monitoring
• Further application program examples

DAY 3

APPLICATION PROGRAM ANALYSIS AND STEP LADDER PROGRAMMING (STL)

Day 3 consolidates and builds upon the knowledge gained in programming PLC’s by focusing and analyzing application programs and by a case study. In addition we investigate SFC and the STL programming technique and using a practical method develop our own program using this technique.

THEORY

• Application program analysis
• Timers, Counters and Master Control (M.C.)
• Sequence Function Charts (S.F.C.)
• Step Ladder Programming (S.T.L.)

PRACTICAL

• Pneumatic Sequence Controller 1 (programmed using conventional ladder diagramming techniques)
• Pneumatic Sequence Controller 2 (programmed using Step Ladder programming techniques)

DAY 4

ADVANCED PROGRAMMING FEATURES & PERIPHERAL DEVICES

Today we investigate advanced programming techniques such as data manipulation, used extensively in application programming. During this day we will also examine the function and operation of ADC and DAC’s. We will also discuss operator interfaces and displays and a overview of SCADA functionality will be presented.

THEORY

• Advanced programming
• A/D D/A Conversion
• SCADA capabilities and profile
• SCADA architecture
• Hardware/Software requirements
•  

PRACTICAL

• Using advanced instructions
• Creating a Basic Application using a proprietary SCADA package
• Further programming methods (timer implementation technique)
• Application programming

DAY 5

DISCUSSION OF DCS & PLC SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION PRACTICAL ACTIVITIES.

In an open forum session, delegates will be encouraged to discuss the merits (or otherwise) of both PLC and DCS system implementation. A range of application programming activities will be available to further develop skills in a range of activities from simple sequential control to problem solving utilizing more complex operations.

THEORY

• DCS system specification
• Choices to be made
• Comparison between DCS and PLC based systems
• Lists of manufacturers

PRACTICAL

• Application programming examples

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Pipeline Inspection and Testing

INTRODUCTION

Throughout the World pipes and pipelines are carrying oil, gases and other toxic or noxious substances. Their integrity is essential to the safe operation of the pipelines and to the environment.

This seminar on Pipeline Inspection and Testing has been designed to address the various cycles and situations an operator of pipelines may be confronted with during the history of a line. Over the years the inspection and testing industry have developed a whole new raft of inspection and testing techniques specifically for pipelines, many of these new techniques will be introduced and related to specific applications for the screening and detection of defects, corrosion and blockages.

OBJECTIVES

• To review current codes and standards relating to pipeline inspection and testing.
• To link new and existing inspection and testing technique to a variety of applications.
• To introduce a selection of inspection and testing techniques to pipeline personnel.
• To introduce inspection/corrosion management tools.
• To review coatings and methods of protection for pipelines.
• To identify the variable that will influence and shape the strategic view of inspection and testing.
•  

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

The course is designed to meet the needs of those personnel involved in the integrity and safety of transmission pipelines. Course participants can be from any department level but would be of particular interest to personnel with responsibility for the decision making regarding inspection and monitoring strategies, corrosion personnel, aaaaaaaaaaNDT inspectors, surveyors and inspection engineers. 

SEMINAR OUTLINE

DAY 1

·        Course Introduction

·        Aims and Objectives Of The Seminar

·        Codes and Standards Relating To New Construction, Refurbishment and Inspection.

DAY 2

·        New Construction – Cross Country And Sub Sea.

·        Inspection Strategies – Relating To Monitoring And Screening Of Pipelines.

DAY 3

·        Repairs And Refurbishment

·        Blockages – Including The Handling Of Scale

·        Corrosion – Monitoring, Data Logging, Inspection Management Tools

DAY 4

·        Screening Of Pipelines

·        A New Concept In Corrosion Monitoring And Pipeline Integrity

·        Coatings And Protection

·        Specialized Coatings, Cathodic Protection Systems

DAY 5

·        Inspection Management Tools

·        Digitization Of Weld Radiographs

·        Converting A Conventional X-Ray Image to A Digitized Image and store on a CD ROM

·        During Each Session A Variety Of Existing And New Inspection And Testing Techniques Will Be Introduced Such As Long Range Ultrasonic For The Screening Of Pipelines And Time Of Flight Diffraction Ultrasonic.

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Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist

COURSE OVERVIEW

The course BROADLY;

• Presents a history of metals, explanation of physical characteristics of metals, including the reason that metals behave differently than such non-metals as plastics, wood, glass, etc.
• Explains how and why different metals are selected for specific environmental purposes including resistance to wear, to corrosion, to heat, to cold, to repeated stress, to impact, etc.
• Describes how much stronger metals can become for various applications by heat treatment
• Describes how mechanical properties are measured including descriptions of testing procedures for tensile, impact, fatigue, etc
• Describes how metals are alloyed and formed to achieve desired mechanical properties - including comparisons between various forming processes including casting, forging, extrusion, rolling, etc
• Provides basic data on the heat treatment of carbon and alloy steels and some non-ferrous alloys to achieve specific property levels. This includes discussion about how alloy additions affect the heat treatability of steels and other alloy bases.

• Describes other methods of increasing strength by cold working
• Provides information about welding and other joining processes in use today

Course Outline

1. Metals: A History: History of the discovery of the major commercially important metals, and the first primitive refining techniques; brief descriptions of cultural significance of metals.

2. Effective Metallurgy: techniques used to win metals from mineral ores, including hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, and electrometallurgical techniques.

3. Solidification of Metals: Introduction to the science of metallurgy, including crystal structure; concepts of solidification and solid solubility; basic binary phase diagrams.

4. Metal Forming: Forging, rolling, extrusion, swaging, and other techniques employed to form metals at elevated temperatures; rolling, stamping, coining, spinning, and other techniques used to form metals at ambient temperatures.

5. Mechanical Properties and Their Measurement: Definitions of mechanical properties and explanations of testing procedures; introduction to concepts of standardisation and quality control.

6. Steels and cast Irons: Applications and Metallurgy: Description of the allotropic nature of iron and its effect on the properties of steels and cast irons; listing of selected applications of steels and cast irons.

7. Heat Treatment of Steel: hardness and hardenability of steel; specific processes and their applications; heat treating procedures, equipment, quenchants; and hardness measurements.

8. Case Hardening of Steel: techniques used to harden the case of a metal, including carbonising, nitriding, carbonitriding; procedure for measuring case depth.

9. Strengthening Mechanisms: Techniques used to harden the nonferrous metals, including age hardening, stain hardening and related metallurgical concepts for aluminium, titanium, cooper, and other nonferrous metals.

10. Nonferrous Metals: Industrial Applications and properties: Light metals, aluminium, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium; copper and its alloys; lead , tin, and zinc; precious metals.

11. Joining: Techniques of welding, brazing, and soldering, including descriptions of specific applications of each process described.

12. Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention: Causes of corrosion and the environmental factors which contribute to it; types of corrosion are discussed.

13. Quality Control and Failures Analysis: Procedures for predicting and / or evaluating the performance of metals in service.

14. Materials Charactisation and the selection Process: Explanation of the designation systems for classes of metals and alloys in worldwide use today; descriptions of factors which affect the selection of a material for a particular application; brief comparisons of polymers and ceramics related? to metals; case studies of material selection problems.

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Machinery Condition Monitoring

INTRODUCTION

The seminar concentrates upon system specification and set-up, the selection of parameters to monitor the location of monitoring points and the frequency of monitoring. Data comparison methods are discussed and the techniques used to detect abnormality are described. A range of common faults is addressed in terms of the symptoms and the techniques used to detect, distinguish between and diagnose the associated faults.

WHO SHOULD ATTEND?

The Seminar is intended for technicians and engineers, working in technical roles within industry, and it has no specific pre-requisites.

SEMINAR OUTLINE

DAY 1

INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT

• Maintenance Philosophy
• Condition Monitoring Defined
• Making Sense of the Jargon

IMPLEMENTING THE SOLUTION

• Functional Analysis
• Criticality Analysis
• Maintenance Strategy decision
• RAM Analysis
• Condition Monitoring design
• Methodology
• Condition Monitoring Policies
• Database Configuration

• Alarm Design

INTEGRATING CONDITION MONITORING INTO MAINTENANCE

• Performance Indicator Design
• Integration into Maintenance Planning
• Planning process Mapping
• Feedback Requirements
• Reporting Process Design

DAY 2

LUBRICANT ANALYSIS

• Functions of Oil
• Additive
• Fundamental Tribology
• Oil Analysis techniques
• Sampling
• Basin filtration

ELECTRICAL TECHNIQUES

• Rogowski Coils
• Dynamic Motor Current Analysis

FURTHER CONDITION MONITORING TECHNIQUES

• Thermal Monitoring
• Thermography
• NDT Techniques

PERFORMANCE MONITORING

• Compressor Mapping
• Centrifugal Pumps
• Gas Turbines

DAY 3

INTRODUCTION TO VIBRATION THEORY

• Single Harmonic Motion
• Rotor Dynamics
• Resonance and Critical Speeds

• Overall Vibration
• Trend Analysis
• Vibration Parameters
• Vibration Transducers
• Vibration Standards

SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

• Fourier Transforms
• Digital FFT
• Signal Processing
• Application of FFT

MACHINERY VIBRATION

• Relating Machinery Vibrations to Spectra
• Typical Machine Faults
• Random Vibration
• Database Theory
• Database Configuration Convention

FEEDBACK

• Delegate discussions

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Contract Drafting and Management

OBJECTIVE

The program enhances the skills of technical and financial people in the subject of tender and contract management and will provide them with the basic tools that will enable them to select bidding and contracting strategies and plan and execute bids and contracts effectively and efficiently. The workshop will also introduce the subject of claims management, arbitration and dispute mitigation.

 

WHO SHOULD ATTEND ?

Managers, Engineers, Accountants, Supervisors, Contracts Managers, Procurement Managers, Buyers and all those who are involved in contract preparation and management.

COURSE OUTLINE

Introduction to Project Management

The Project Objectives

The Project Life-Cycle

The Project Management Body of Knowledge

An introduction to the processes of Contracts and Procurement Management

Contracts and Tender Planning

The different Bidding and Contracting strategies

Selection of the bidding and Contracting Strategy

The Tendering Process

 

Contracts and Risk allocation between the parties

Types of Contracts and their ramifications

Contracts between owner and contractor
Fixed-Cost contracts and Variable-Cost Contracts
Contract Management
Boot Contracts

Contracts between owner and engineer
Percentage fee Contracts
Lump-sum Contracts
Man-hour Contracts
Cost per Man-hour Contracts

Contract Documents

Agreements and General Conditions
The Special Conditions
Tendering Procedures and Tender Evaluation
Tender Negotiation and Selection
The Specifications
The Technical Drawings
Bonds and Letters of Guarantee

Change Orders

Claims
The Claims Environment
Contract Clauses Frequently Causing Claims
Claims Preparation
Claims Analysis
Claims Negotiation and Settlement

Settlement of Disputes arising out of Contract
Amicable Settlement
Arbitration

Case Studies on Dispute Resolution
Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
 

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Steel Making Technology

OBJECTIVE:

The course covers broadly the process involved in general for Basic Oxygen Steel-making, Electric Arc Furnace, Casting, Cold and Hot Rolling, Coating and Painting and the Modern Trends in Steel Technology

COURSE OUTLINE

•  Fundamental of Steel Making

• 2 main routes for steel making:

• Classical Route", also called as "primary route" based on blast furnace (BF) Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF)

• Modern Route", also called as "secondary route", based on electric arc furnace (EAF), using steel scrap or sponge iron i.e. Direct Reduced Iron (DRI) as basic raw materials.

• Market share of EAF steel making in the global output of crude steel.

• World Steel Forecast

• Metallic For EAFS

• EAFs mainly use following metallic for melting :

• Melting Scrap (Shredded/HMS etc.)

• Sponge Iron (HBI/DRI)

• Pig Iron

• Recognition of DRI as a high purity, top quality charging material the world over.

• Scrap Scenario

• New EAF capacity in the Middle East which will absorb domestic scrap generation.

• Sponge Iron production mainly by two routes

• Gas based (HYL, Midrex, etc)

• Coal based (SL/RN/CIRCORED, etc)

• Recent Innovations & Future Trend In Steel Making

• Current Steel Making & Energy Usage

• Savings Due To Hot Charging DRI

• Future Trend

• Blast furnace process of steel making.

• The chemical reaction involved

• refractory that are used in steel making

• Slagging and Quality Control

• The casting process

• Cold Rolling and Hot Rolling

• Coating and Painting

• ZINCALUME

• COLORBOND

• Shaping